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What happens to purpose and agency when civilization no longer needs us?

European futbol has spent the past fifteen years solving the game like chess.

The man in the painting at the top of this page is doing the oldest verification job there is.

I want Ethereum to have more formal verification, not less.

The last year and a half, but particularly the last six months, were incredible but also very very tough.

Series note: this article is part of the Concrete series and responds to Dmitri Sotnikov’s Giving LLMs a Formal Reasoning Engine for Code Analysis.

You send a prompt to an LLM API.

Series note: this is the tradeoffs entry in the Concrete series.

The first article in this series explained the Curry-Howard correspondence: propositions are types, proofs are programs.

Series note: this is the most practical entry point in the Concrete series.

This article is based on Guillermo Angeris’s talk “Programming a (mini-)Lean in Julia’s type system”.

The first article in this series explained the Curry-Howard correspondence: propositions are types, proofs are programs.

In the 1930s, Haskell Curry noticed something strange.

Most programmers think Turing completeness is the interesting threshold for a computational system.

When I was young I loved science and engineering.

Series note: this is the proof-roadmap entry in the Concrete series.

Series note: this article assumes the basic Concrete frame is already in place and asks a narrower question about AI-era language adoption.

Series note: this is the main Rust-comparison entry in the Concrete series.

I have been circling the same problem for a while now.

In the 18th century, German foresters invented scientific forestry.

Never cross a river that is on average four feet deep.

Stock markets crash.

Financial markets don’t follow normal distributions.

In 1252, Florence minted the gold florin.

#The Last Scarcity Most discussions of AGI focus on distribution: who gets access, who profits, who loses their job, who controls the infrastructure.

China is trying to win by commoditizing the complement.

Every type error you’ve ever cursed at was a bug caught before production.

This is the foundation piece for the Concrete series.

The core argument is simple: many features of human life that appear stable and natural are historically produced.

Some systems improve the longer you stay with them.

By Federico Carrone and Roberto Catalan The previous article argued that the internet left a gap in institutional infrastructure: it moved information but not ownership.

By Federico Carrone and Roberto Catalan The internet made copying and sending information almost free.

On 12 November 2025 I received a Mención de Honor al Valor Científico from the Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología of the Argentine Senate.

#Crypto and the accelerated and chaotic 21st Century Crypto has been most useful where trust is weakest.

Markets are the cleanest laboratory for reflexive dynamics.

The ladder so far was built from abstract objects: maps, distributions, operators, proofs, programs, and types.

The previous essay followed the first engine, iteration, to its end.

The first three essays were about one engine: iteration.

The previous essay ended with fractals: objects whose structure survives repeated zooming.

The previous essay built the local picture.

Start with something small: a number, a rule, and the patience to apply the rule again.

The last essay ended with Taleb’s objection.

Six essays in, we have a toolkit.

So far the series has been about why crashes happen and why you cannot read them off their triggers.

The last essay put a number on reflexivity.

Three essays in, the same idea keeps surfacing in different words: markets react to themselves.

If you believe the last two essays, prediction is mostly a fool’s errand.